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普罗勒克斯的观点是建立在有项圈的和三脊刺鱼的研究之上的。Prolux's theory is based on studies of the collared flycatcher and the three-spined stickleback.

九刺鱼和人类一样，如果对它们有利的话，能够相互模仿行为。Nine-spined stickleback share the human ability to copy each other's behaviour if it's to their advantage.

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目前科学家们说他们第一次在普通的九叶穿柳鱼身上找到了动物的这种行为。Now, scientists say they've found the first animal example of this behavior in a common fish, the nine-spined stickleback.

尽管适于生产的刺鱼应该是扁却大嘴的，但是相互关联的特征使得这种进化成为不可能的。Although the fittest possible stickleback might be both slender and wide-mouthed, these linked traits make such an evolutionary jump unlikely.

例如，在北半球的许多地方，在上个冰川季结束后，海棘鱼散布于陆地包围的湖里。In various places in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, marine stickleback fish were scattered among landlocked lakes as the last Ice Age ended.

由于这些鱼类的血缘非常相近，彼此可在实验室内杂交，遗传学家可定出与三刺鱼腹鳍缩小有关的基因。Because the fish are so closely related and interbreed in the laboratory, geneticists can map the genes involved in the reduction of the stickleback pelvis.

两种三刺鱼的Pitx1蛋白质序列是一样的，这又是一个透过加强子改变而演化的范例。Once again, evolutionary changes in an enhancer are responsible. There are no coding changes in the Pitx1 protein between different forms of the stickleback.

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紫色脚趾而目光敏锐的掠食动物只是一个假象的例子，而现时的例子是加拿大西部地区的三脊棘鱼。While purple-toed, keen-eyed hunters are just a made up example, a real animal that demonstrates this is the three-spined stickleback fish of western Canada.

英国研究者通过研究小棘鱼的行为发现比起自己一个人他们更愿意冒险与伙伴一起外出觅食。British researchers studying the behavior of tiny stickleback fish have found that they are much more willing to take risks in search of food in pairs than alone.

然后它会在树枝上把鱼摔死——当小鸟能够顺着鱼的背脊吞下一只棘鱼时，才会学习这个技能。It thumps the catch against the branch to stun it—a lesson some young birds learn only after swallowing a stickleback that erects its dorsal spine on the way down.

并控制三刺鱼在跟快艇噪音程度相当的白噪声中，或者完全安静的环境之下，观察它们捕食水蚤的情况。And watched three-spined stickleback fish hunt water fleas, to the accompaniment of either white noise calibrated to match the noise level of speedboats or a silent track as a control.