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在这基础上分析了胶子喷注与夸克喷注的区别。The difference between gluon jet and quark jet is analyzed on these basis.

魅夸克有另一种特性，在探测夸克胶子介质时相当有用。Charm quarks have another characteristic useful for probing the quark- gluon medium.

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另一个正在努力的方向，是试图利用夸克胶子流体本身所发出的光来观看它。Another approach being pursued is to try to view the quark- gluon fluid by its own light.

这项新成果确认夸克胶子等离子的样子几乎就像具有最小黏度的液体。The new results confirm that quark gluon plasma acts almost like a fluid, with minimal viscosity.

这表明，只是对于较硬的胶子，胶子喷注比夸克喷注“胖”的结论才能成立。This indicates that the conclusion on gluon jets being "fatter" than quark jets is valid only for hard gluons.

输运方程给出了胶子物质热平衡化时间短和夸克物质热平衡化时间长的结果。A short thermalization time for gluon matter and a long thermalization time for quark matter are results of the transport equations.

我们发现了一类胶子链，在四维时空中的行为就和重力子一样，重力子是重力现象的基本量子。It turns out that one type of gluon chain behaves in the four-dimensional spacetime as the graviton, the fundamental quantum particle of gravity.

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夸克胶子介质类似液体行为的表现，在RHIC实验中，很早就以一种名为「椭圆流现象」的形式出现。Indications of liquidlike behavior of the quark- gluon medium came early in the RHIC experiments, in the form of a phenomenon called elliptic flow.

RHIC和LHC上的相对论性重离子实验的一个主要目标就是寻找这种新的物质形态—夸克胶子等离子体。One of main objects of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions experiments at RHIC and LHC is to discover this kind of new state of matter-quark gluon plasma.

利用这种方法，可以容易的计算出多重散射的胶子辐射振幅，这也为重求和各阶的贡献开辟了一条新途径。Using this new method, one can easily calculate the amplitude for gluon radiation of multiple scattering, which gives a road to resum all higher twist contributions.

这种夸克胶子介质的液体行为表示，在它们刚形成、得到解放而雀跃不已的短暂时刻中，这些粒子彼此相互的作用必定相当强。This liquid behavior of the quark- gluon medium must mean that these particles interact with one another rather strongly during their heady moments of liberation right after formation.

在热介质中，受激的热胶子发射降低部分子的能量，而热吸收增加部分子的能量，其净贡献导致部分子能量损失的减少。In the thermal medium, the stimulated thermal gluon emission reduces while absorption increases the parton's energy. The net contribution result in a reduction of the parton energy loss.

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使用从超弦理论激发的伸缩子与胶子耦合的有效理论得出的重夸克反夸克势，研究了重夸克反夸克系统的自旋平均能级。Using the heavy quark antiquark potential which emerges from an effective dilaton gluon coupling inspired by the superstring theory we study the energy levels of heavy quark antiquark systems.

使用从超弦理论激发的伸缩子与胶子耦合的有效理论得出的重夸克反夸克势，研究了重夸克反夸克系统的自旋平均能级。Using the heavy quark antiquark potential which emerges from an effective dilaton gluon coupling inspired by the superstring theory, we study the energy levels of heavy quark antiquark systems.