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综述了肽核酸的合成、结构修饰及应用。The synthesis, modifications and applications of PNA are reviewed.

十二指肠、直肠杯状细胞对PNA反应呈强阳性。The goblet cells of the duodenum and rectum showed strong reactions to PNA.

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目前，已有很多方法被尝试用于提高肽核酸转运的效率。To enhance the efficiency in PNA delivery, many strategies have been explored.

PNA分子可被生物素和各种荧光团常规标记。The PNA molecules can routinely be labeled with biotin or various fluorophores.

PNA独特的化学组成使其具有特异的杂交性能。The unique chemical makeup provides PNA with unique hybridization characteristics.

这些数据表明，PNA骨架比天然的核酸骨架具有更高的灵活性。These data indicate that the PNA backbone is more flexible than native nucleic acid backbone.

PNA可与胰腺及腮腺腺泡结合，二者分布特征也不同。The staining pattern of the parotid gland acini and the pancreas with PNA also markedly different.

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事实上，当嘌呤存在于肽核酸的链上时，肽核酸-DNA二聚体的稳定性会大大增加。In fact PNA– DNA duplexes show significantly increased stability when the purines are in the PNA strand.

从1999年起，外高桥保税区批发零售贸易企业列入浦东新区统计渠道。Wholesale and Retail Businesses of Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone have been included in PNA statistics since 1999.

在很多研究与分子诊断领域，PNA技术已成为一项基本研究工具。The PNA technology is already used as an essential tool in a wide range of research and diagnostic molecular protocols.

实验结果表明PNA分子在不同溶液中的一阶超极化率随着溶剂极性的增强而增加。Experimental results show that the first hyperpolarizabilities of PNA increase with the increase of the solvent polarity.

冬半年大气对赤道东太平洋海温的响应表现为不同于PNA的呈纬向分布的模态结构。The wintertime Northern Hemisphere atmospheric response to SST in EEP is the zonal mode structure which is different from PNA.

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从我们目前的了解看，此研究首次表明，在巨噬细胞中，肽核酸能在纳摩尔浓度水平发挥反义效果。To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of in vitro PNA antisense effect at nanomolar concentrations in phagocytic cells.

因此，肽核酸-DNA二聚体的稳定性除了依赖G-C配对的含量外，还与肽核酸链上的嘌呤含量有关。Thus on top of the dependence on G–C content, the stability of PNA–DNA duplexes also depends on the purine fraction of the PNA strand.

如果使用由一个灵活的连接物结合的双同型嘧啶PNA寡聚体，这种链侵入作用的效率可进一步提高。The efficiency of this strand invasion can be further enhanced by using two homopyrimidine PNA oligomers connected via a flexible linker.

结论利用肽核酸生物传感器成功地绕过了PCR扩增而直接检测出了临床标本中的HBV基因组DNA。CONCLUSIONS HBV DNA extracted from clinical samples were directly detected using PNA biosensor and PCR amplification was successfully bypassed.

据当地村民称，马克钱武装民团的成员大部分是前蒙泰军，熟悉地形并有战斗经验。According to local villagers, most of Mark Kieng militia men were former members of Mong Tai Army and more familiar to the terrain than the PNA.

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在同阿巴斯的会谈中，哈里发反复强调他的国家对巴勒斯坦人民和阿巴斯领导的权威机构不变的支持。During his meeting with Abbas, Sheikh Khalifa reiterated his country's "firm" stance in the support of the Palestinian people as well as the PNA led by Abbas.

我们研究了胸腺激肽与胸腺细胞的温育时间、不同剂量及酸、碱、热和酶处理后的胸腺激肽对PNA受体的影响。The effect of thymic peptide hormone on the changes of PNA receptors on the cell surface of mouse thymocyte was found to be both concentration and time dependent.

这种三螺旋体的稳定性极高，以至于在同型嘧啶PNA靶向双链DNA嘌呤道时，能取代其中一条DNA链侵入双螺旋。The stability of these triple helixes is so high that homopyrimidine PNA targeted to purine tracts of dsDNA invades the duplex by displacing one of the DNA strands.