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但是，氧化铝层剥落的温度升高。However, the alumina layers spall as the temperature increases.

教书非常辛苦，钱赚得不容易，下次别乱花。Teach very hard, money earns not simple, don't spall overdiscriminately next time.

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缺损和小裂口则是因重轨踏面局部熔融所造成的。It is also found that the spall and fine cleft are due to local melting of heavy rail tread.

这种基于空穴聚集的层裂模型已被应用于一维层裂试验的数值模拟。The void coalescence-based spall model is applied to numerical simulations of one-dimensional spall tests.

在经过高应力三角形波实验的软回收样品上，发现了两个层裂面。Two spall planes were observed in the soft recovered sample for the high stress triangular wave experiment.

只能说那是最好的。酒店11楼有碎石桑拿房，住套房的客人可以使用。The hotel has got spall spa centre on the 11th floor as well that could be used for those who stayed in suits.

采用基于空穴聚集的层裂模型，数值模拟这些平板撞击致层裂实验。A void coalescence-based spall model proposed by Chen et al was used to simulate these experiments numerically.

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层裂破坏是爆炸冲击载荷下混凝土结构常见的破坏形式。Spall fracture is the most common failure form of concrete components subjected to impact or explosive loading.

在动态压缩实验的基础上，本文对两种典型推进剂层裂过程进行了研究。The dynamic response of the above two kinds of propellants are studied by dynamic compaction and spall experiment.

利用轻气炮加载和样品软回收技术，对HR2钢进行了试验，获得了软回收层裂样品。HR2 steel was shocked and the spall samples were obtained by using a light-gas gun and "sample soft-capture" technology.

研究表明，通过数值模拟可以对冲击载荷作用下材料的损伤及层裂作出有效的预测。Also, the results show that it is possible to predict the damage and spall in the ductile materials by numerical simulations.

采用VISAR技术记录样品自由表面历史，获得样品中发生层裂的信号。Spall signals were measured by monitoring the time-resolved free surface velocity histories of the targets with VISAR technique.

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通过其与损伤度函数模型进行耦合，对无氧铜和45钢平板撞击层裂进行了数值模拟。Coupled with damage function model proposed previously, PR function is applied to simulate the spall behaviors of OFHC copper and 45 steel as examples.

采用光学金相显微镜和电子探针分析仪等测试方法对U71Mn重轨踏面发纹、缺损和小裂口缺陷进行了分析。Optical metallographic microscope and electron-probe testing methods are used to analyze the fine crack, spall and fine cleft of U71Mn heavy rail tread.

从断裂表面上我们可以看到许多疲劳截面的传播途径。Variable intensity of fatigue lines may be seen in the deep areas of the spall indicating the propagation direction from the core to the barrel surface.

本文对LY-12铝受到强流低能相对论电子束辐照时产生的热击波及层裂效应进行了估算。In this paper, we estimate the thermal shock wave and spall effect of LY-12 aluminum exposed to a high-current and low-energy relativistic electron beam.

这种断裂首先是在工作层中产生的，进而逐渐往辊身方向变深变宽，最终导致辊身大面积的剥落。Propagation develops within the working surface of the roll, gradually increasing in depth and width followed by a large surface spall of the overlying barrel surface.

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过去对地下结构震塌破坏的研究，往往是在假设地下结构为半无限厚的基础上进行的。Research on the local response of spall for underground structures under blast loads was based on suppose of semi-infinite thickness of underground structures in the past.

动态拉伸应力应变曲线中拉伸强度点之后的材料断裂性能与层裂的扩展过程存在内在联系。There is intrinsic connections between fraction performances beyond the dynamic tensile strength point in dynamic tension stress-strain curve and the evolution process of spall.

随著迴焊温度的上升，焊料端的IMC形态转变为柱状并以垂直基材的方向往焊料中生长，此时并无界面剥离的现象出现。The chunk, plank type IMCs are easy to spall away. The morphology of the IMC change to form column type grains and the spalling doesn't happen when the reflow temperature increase.