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其次,是对私人语言实指定义的批判。Secondly, he has criticized the ostensive definition.
在这一过程中,说话人首先在其活动中设置明示刺激。In this process, the speaker first sets up in his activity an ostensive stimulus.
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其内容包括语言游戏、实指定义、家族类似性和哲学。It contains language-game, ostensive definition, family-resemblance and philosophy.
这些因素是导致主人公悲剧结局的直接因素,即显性因素。These direct factors are the ostensive factors that result in the tragedy of Coleman.
而翻译作为一种交际行式是一个明示推理的认知过程。As one form of communication, translation is primarily an ostensive inferential cognitive process.
本文着重探讨了个人隐性知识对明示推理交际模式的的影响。This paper focuses on the effects of tacit knowledge in the "Ostensive inferential Communication Model".
广告翻译的核心就是通过明示-推理的认知活动寻找最佳关联性。The essence of advertisement translation is seeking the optimal relevance in the cognitive process of ostensive inference.
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口头交际中,语境效果的获得与发话人的明示有着直接的联系。However, ideal contextual effects in oral communication are conditioned by the "ostensive" devices employed by the speaker.
说话人在其话语中设置明示刺激以实现其信息意图和交际意图。On the one hand, the speaker sets in his utterance ostensive stimuli to achieve his information intention and communication intention.
在不同的认知语境下,两种连接词在显示推理交际中又具有各自不同的语义限制。On the other hand, in different cognitive contexts, each of them poses different semantic constraints on ostensive inferential communication.
“婴儿是人类社会高级生灵,并不能够直接同他们解释交流信号”研究人员写到。"Human infants are highly social creatures who cannot help but interpret the ostensive communicative signals directed to them, " the researchers wrote.
在语篇释意的交际过程中,译者与原文作者或原文话语进行的跨文化对话是一个寻找关、联明示推理的交际过程。In DICP, a cross-cultural mental dialogue between the translator and the original author or utterances is a relevance-seeking, ostensive -inferential process.
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实指定义的使用预设使用者的在场,这意味着意义的解释是语用学与语义学的交融。The use of ostensive definition presupposes the presence of its user, which means that the interpretation of linguistic meaning is a fusion of pragmatics and semantics.
如果我们要拥有一个有意义的表达,这样一个回溯必须停止于和世界的一个关联。If we are to have a meaningful expression, such a regress must terminate in a connection to the world—an ostensive definition, a demonstration, a word-to-world connection.
任期明示认为,通信涉及编码和推断,以期通讯融合的代码模型和推理模型。The term ostensive expresses the view that communication involves both coding and inferring, a view of communication that amalgamates the code model and the inferential model.
读者对诗歌的理解是一个明示交际推理过程,即根据诗人给出的明示内容,进行的一个非论证性的推理模式。In other words, the reader'scomprehension is an ostensive-inferential process, namely, it is a non-demonstrative inferential model according to the ostensive information adopted by the poet.
本文通过颠倒色觉和实指定义分析,证明我们的感觉也是符号,一种符号和它反映的物性完全不像似。By analyzing inverted color perceptions and ostensive definition, this paper proves that our sensations are also symbols and a symbol is totally different from the material property reflected.
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厄恩斯特。奥古斯特。格特率先把语言学的关联理论应用于翻译研究,提出了关联的翻译观,指出翻译是一种言语明示-推理的阐释活动,也是一种言语交际行为。Ernst August Gutt first applied relevance theory to translation study. He points out that translation is an act of ostensive -inferential interlingual interpretation and of verbal communication.
从认知的角度,关联论对交际的实质,过程和语境效果进行了探讨和研究提出了明示推理交际模式。From the cognitive perspective, Relevance Theory puts forward "Ostensive Inferential Communication Model", explaining the nature, mental process and contextual effects of language communication.
对隐喻性话语,听话者遵循明示交际与最佳关联原则,构建语境,达到认知效果和进行努力的平衡。To metaphorical utterance, the hearer follows the rules of ostensive communication and optimal relevance, constructs context, and achieves the balance between cognitive effects and processing efforts.